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VIETNAM WAR ERA US GRENADES APPENDIX



TABLE OF CONTENTS








APPENDIX.



APPENDIX A. REFERENCES.

1. Army Regulations (AR)

310 - 25 Dictionary of United States Army Terms.
385 - 63 Regulations for Firing Ammunition for Training, Target Practice, and Combat.
385 - 65 Identification of J nert Ammunition and Ammunition Components.
622-5 Qualification ancl Familiarization.



2. Army Subject Schedule (A Subj Scd)

23 - 29 Hand Grenades



3. Army Training Programs (ATP)

21 - 114 Male Military Personnel Without Prior ,Service



4. Department of the Army Pamphlet (DA PAM)

108 - 1 Index of Army Motion Pictures and Related Audiovisual Aids.





5. Field Manuals (FM)

7 - 15 Rifle Platoon and Squads Infantry, Airborne, and Mechanized.
20 - 60 Battlefield Illumination.
21 - 5 Military Training Management.
21 - 6 Techniques of Military Instruction.
21 - 48 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) and Nuclear Defense Training Exercises.
23 - 5 U .S Rifle, Caliber .30, Ml.
23 - 8 U.S. Rifle, 7.62-mm, M14 and M14Al.
23 - 9 Rifle, 5.56-mr'n, M16Al.
23 - 71 Rifle Marksmanship.



6. Technical Bulletin (TB)

9 - 1360 - 246/1 Identification of Ammunition Employing the New Color Coding Standard





7. technical Manuals (TM)

9 - 1300 - 206 Care, Handling, Preservation, and Destruction of Ammunition.
9 - 1300 - 214 Military Explosives.
9 - 1330 - 200 Grenades, Hand and Rifle.
9 - 1370 - 200 Military Pyrotechnics.
9 - 1900 Ammunition General.
750 - 5 - 15 Army Equipment Data Sheets Chemical Weapons and Defense Equipment



APPENDIX B. GUIDANCE FOR INSTRUCTORS.

1. Purpose.

This appc11clix is a guide for instrnctors. Its contents should not limit an im;tructor's initiative and originality, provided he observes the necessary safety precautions. The methods of instruction contained in FM 21-6 should be followed.

2. Presentation.

a. Instruction should be presented using explanation, demonstration, and practical application. The key to success in a hand or rifle grenade training program is allowing the individual being trained to progress from the relatively easy to the more difficult.

b. Each individual's training should be closely supervised to insure a high standard of efficiency and coordination. Many soldiers initially fear the handling of explosives; others may possess some physical defect that impairs their throwing ability. In view of this, competent and patient assistance must be provided by supervisory personnel.

3. Training Objectives.

a. To provide the soldier with sufficient detailed information that will enable him to effectively employ in combat hand grenades, rifle grenades, and ground pyrotechnic signals.

b. To develop the soldier's proficiency to use hand grenades, rifle grenades, and pyrotechnic signals.

4. Assistant Instructors.

Prior to inst ruction, selected personnel should be trainee! as demonstrators and assistant instructors. Assistant instrnctors must Le able to correct errors and answer questions pertaining to the training. Demonstrators must be thoroughly trained and rehearsed in order to conduct demonstrations that are correct in every detail.

5. General Training Notes.

a. Four hours is the minimum time required to train a soldier to use hand and rifle grenades.

b. The most valuable training is practical work using grenades. Other aids, such as charts and training terrain facilities, arc limited in their employment only Ly the resourcefulness of the instructor.

6. Conduct of Training.

Army Subject Schedule 23--29 should be used as a guide by the instructor and the unit commander in preparing lesson plans and scheduling periods of instruction. The schedule of instruction and scope of training may be limited by the amount of time available, the duties of personnel to be trained, and the equipment and ammunition available. Informal instruction can be given in unit areas during nonscheduled periods in such subjects as throwing techniques, positions, range determination, and rifle grenade sighting and aiming exercises.


APPENDIX C. HAND AND RIFLE GRENADE RANGE FACILITIES.


SECTION I. HAND GRENADE RANGE

1. Hand Grenade Distance and Accuracy Course.
(Figure 34)

This course is divided into throwing courts, the number of which depends on the size of the unit to be trained and the training time available. Each court accommodates 20 men at a time, allowing a 240-man company to utilize each court during a 1-hour period of instruction.

a. Court 1.
This court is 30-meters wide and 40-meters deep. It consists of a ready line, a throwing line, from which soldiers throw grenades from the standing position, and a cable which is suspended 4.5 meters (16-feet) high across the court and 1'5 meters forward of the throwing line. Six foxhole targets are located 30 meters across the court from the throwing line.

b. Court 2.
This court is 30-meters wide and 50-meters deep. It consists of a ready line, a low wall throwing line, and a cable which is suspended 4.5 meters ( 16-feet) high across the court, 20 meters forward of the throwing line. A trench is located across the court 40 meters forward of the throwing line. The trench must be a minimum of 1-meter wide and 15-centimeters ( 6-inches) deep.

c. Court 3.
This court is 30-meters wide, 30- meters deep, and consists of a ready line and a throwing line. Students not throwing grenades may observe from the ready line. Ten meters forward of the ready line is a low wall throwing line from which soldiers throw grenades from the kneeling position. Six window-type targets are situated across the court at a distance of 20 meters forward of the throwing line. The windows should be approximately one meter from ground level and one meter square.



Figure 34. Distance and accuracy course.


2. Hand Grenade Assault/Qualification Course.
(figure 35)

This course is divided into lanes, the number of which depends on the size of the unit to be trained and the training time available. Each lane is identical and accommodates 50 men in a 1-hour period of instruction. All lanes include the following stations:

a. Station 1.
This is the starting station. It consists of a chest-high log wall and a foxhole located 20 meters from the wall.

b. Station 2.
This station is located 25 meters to the left of station 1. It consists of a low log wall and a window frame target located 20 meters from the wall.

c. Station 3.
This station is located 25 meters to the left of station 2. It consists of a marker for a throwing position and a trench located 20 meters from the marker.

d. Station 4.
This station is located 25 meters to the left of station 3. It consists of a log wall and a foxhole located 25 meters from the wall.

e. Station 5.
This station is located 25 meters to the left of station 4. It consists of a foxhole throwing position and a cluster of silhouette targets located 30 meters forward of the foxhole.



f. Station 6.
This station is located 25 meters to the left of station 5. It consists of a bunker with a 30-centimeter (1-foot) square aperture.


Figure 34-a. Distance and accuracy course.


3. Hand Grenade Familiarization Course.
(figure 36)

This phase of training introduces the soldier to casualty-producing hand grenades. The course consists of hand grenade throwing bays, the number of which depends on the size of the unit to be trained. Behind the throwing bays and centered on them at a distance of 10 meters is an observation bay from which the officer in charge controls the throwing. A ready wall is located 10 meters behind the observation bay. Personnel waiting to throw and those who have completed throwing are positioned behind the wall.

a. Throwing Bay.
This bay is 2.5 meters wide and 2.5 meters deep. These dimensions allow one thrower and one safety NCO to be positioned in the bay during throwing. Walls enclose three sides of the bay. Each wall is 1.5 meters high and a minimum of 15-centimeters (6-inches) thick, if they are made of concrete. If sandbags or logs are used, the wall thickness must be no less than 50 centimeters (20 inches). The floors of the bay are loose sand or sawdust. There is no grenade sump or grenade ditch.

b. Observation Bay.
This bay's width, depth, and wall thickness are the same as the throwing bay. If at all possible, the bay should have a sloped observation window to allow the safety officer in charge to observe the throwing at all times. The window material must be capable of withstanding the fragmentation produced by the M26-series of hand grenades. (A good observation window is an aircraft plexiglass bubble. The slope of the window deflects fragments and reduces damage to the material.)

c. Ready Wall.
The ready wall should be the height of a standing man (approximately 2 meters [6.5 feet] recommended) and the same thickness as the walls of the grenade throwing bays. Although not required, it is desirable that the wall have several well-spaced observation windows constructed of the same material as that used in the observation bay. This arrangement allows individuals waiting to throw to observe other personnel throwing.


Figure 34-b. Distance and accuracy course.


Hand Grenade Confidence Course.

The range used for the conduct of this course consists of two separate areas, each consisting of an assembly area, a final coordination line, an initial holding area, a covering position, a throwing position, a final holding area, a safety officer's observation point, and two target areas. The physical layout of the course is illustrated in figure 37.

a. Assembly Area.
This area is used as a briefing point and an ammunition issue point. It should be a cleared area, sufficiently large to accommodate a 48- to 60-man platoon.

b. Final Coordination Line.
This line should be a prominent terrain feature such as a woodline or stream bed and located between the assembly area and the objective. Ideally, the area between the final coordination line and the objective should slope uphill.

c. Initial Holding Area.
This area should be located 30 to 50 meters forward of the final coordination line. The area should be a mound or a roadside ditch that is long enough to accommodate 11 men and high enough to afford protection for a kneeling man.


Figure 35. Hand grenade assault/qualification course.


d. Covering Position.
This position should be a mound or a parapet 1.5-meters (4-feet) high and 3-meters (8-feet) wide across its front side. The position should be'5 meters forward of the right flank of the initial holding area.

e. Throwing Position.
This position should be a mound or a parapet 1.5-meters high and 2- meters wide. The position should be located approximately 15 meters to the left front of the covering position.

f. Observation Point.
This is the safety officer's observation point. It should be a bay affording the minimum frontal protection prescribed in paragraph 3 above. The position is located 10 meters to the rear of the throwing position.


Figure 36. Hand grenade familiarization course.


g. Final Holding Area.
This area should have characteristics similar to the initial holding area. The position must accommodate a minimum of two kneeling men. It is located 5 meters to the left of the safety officer's observation point.

h. Targets.
There are two separate target areas in each course (practice or live). The target areas on the practice confidence course should clearly be marked "practice targets."

(1) Target area one. This is the impact area for the first hand grenade. The target should be a cluster of E silhouette targets located at ranges varying from 25 to 40 meters.

(2) Target area two. This is the impact area for the second hand grenade. The target consists of a cluster of 10 E silhouettes. This target should be unmarked and located at ranges varying from 25 to 40 meters and 50 meters to the left of target area one.

i. Training Area (general).
The training area should be located on slightly sloping terrain. As much natural vegetation as possible should be left on the site.


Figure 37. Hand grenade confidence course.


Hand Grenade Cookoff-Impact Course.
(figure 38)

The range used for the conduct of this course consists of a briefing area and four throwing stations. The physical layout of the course is illustrated in figure 38.

a. Station 1.
This station consists of a log wall and a foxhole located 25 meters from the wall.

b. Station 2.
This station is located 25 meters to the left of Station 1. It consists of a bunker with a 30-centimeter (1-foot) square aperture.

c. Station 3.
This station is located 25 meters to the left of Station 2. It consists of a log wall and silhouette targets which are located 30 meters from the wall. A wire 16 feet off the ground is placed midway between the wall and the targets across the throwing line.

d. Station 4.
This station is located 25 meters to the left of Station 3. It consists of a foxhole and silhouette targets which are located 20 meters from the foxhole.


Figure 38. Hand grenade cookoff-impact course.


SECTION II. RIFLE GRENADE RANGE

6. Rifle Grenade Instruction Course (Figure 39)
This course consists of a zeroing station and four firing stations. Equipment required for each station is one rifle with accessories and one range table for each student on the firing line.

a. Station 1 (Zeroing station)
Station 1 is constructed in an open area. It consists of a firing line 20 meters wide, two direct fire targets (tank hulls are preferred, one 40 meters and one 80 meters from the firing line), and two clusters of silhoutte targets located at ranges of 90 and 130 meters from the firing line. The area targets should be defined by a circle 15 meters in diameter around each cluster of targets.

b. Station 2
This station is the first firing station and is used for direct-fire exercises. It consists of a firing line 20 meters wide and 2 direct-fire targets (tank hulls are preferred, one 40 meter and one 80 meters from teh firing line).

c. Station 3
This station is used for direct fire at moving targets. The station consists of a firing line 20 meters wide and a moving target. A target tank is desirable. If no target tank is available, target sleds with tank silhouttes should be used.
Figure 39. Rifle grenade instruction course.
d. Station 4
This station is used for high angle direct fire at area targets. It consists of a firing line 20 meters wide and 2 clusters of silhoutte targets located at ranges of 90 and 130 meters from the firing line.

e. Station 5
This station is sued for high angle direct fire at area targets, It is the same as station 4, except that 4 area targets are located at varying ranges between 80 and 160 meters from the firing line.

7. Rifle Grenade Qualkification Course
The range facility described in paragraph 6 above is used for both the rifle grenade instruction course and the rifle grenade qualification course.


APPENDIX D.


SUMMARY OF GRENADES AND GROUND PYROTECHNIC SIGNALS


Name Body Filler Fuze Height Throwing distance Rifle projected range Delay time Color and markings Primary uses Rifle projection adapter Effect
1 MK I Illuminating Sheet steel 3.5 oz. Illuminating pyrotechnic composition. Delay igniting. 10 oz. 40 Meter. 200 Meter. 7 Sec. Unpainted with black markings. Signaling illuminating. M1A2 25 second burning time, 55,000 candle power, illuminates area 200 M. in diameter.
2 MK 2 Frag Cast Iron serrated 2 oz flaked TNT M6A4C
M204A1
M204A2
21 oz 30 M 140 M 4 to 5 sec OD with yellow band Casualty - producing M1A2 10 M effective casualty radius
3 MK3A2 Offensive Fiber 8 oz flaked TNT M 206A2 15.6 oz 40 M ------ 4 to 5 seconds Black with yellow markings Concussion (Demolition, casualty,blast) ------ 2 M effective casualty radius in open areas
4 M6 riot control Sheet steel 10.5 oz CN - DM M 201A1 17 oz 35 M 120 M 1.2 to 2 seconds. Gray with red band and markings Riot control M2A1 20 to 60 seconds burning time
5 M6A1 riot control Sheet steel 9.5 oz CN - DM M 201A1 20 oz 35 M 120 M 1.2 to 2 seconds. DO DO DO DO
6 M7 riot control DO 10.25 oz CN M 201A1 17 oz 35 M 120 M DO DO DO DO DO
7 M7A1 riot control DO 12.5 oz CN DO 18.5 oz 35 M 120 M DO DO DO DO DO
8 ABC-M7A2 riot control DO 5.2 oz burning mixture
3.5 oz powdered CS
DO 15.5 oz 40 M 120 M DO DO DO DO DO
9 ABC-M7A3 riot control DO 7.5 oz burning mixture
4.5 oz pelletized CS
DO DO DO 120 M DO DO DO DO DO
10 AN-M8 white smoke DO 19 oz HC (Hexachlorothane) DO 24 oz 30 M 120 M DO Light green with black markings and white top Signaling and screening DO 105 to 150 sec burning time
11 AN-M14 TH3 incendiary DO 26.5 oz Thermate (TH3) DO 32 oz 25 M 120 M DO Light red with black markings Incendiary DO Burns 40 seconds @ 4000 degrees. will burn through 1/4 inch homogeneous steel plate.
12 M18 colored smoke DO 11.5 oz colored smoke mixture DO 19 oz 35 M 120 M DO Light green with black markings and top of same color as smoke produced Signaling and screening DO Burning time 50 to 90 seconds
13 ABC-M25A1,
ABC-M25A2,
Riot control 		Compressed fiber or plastic Approximately 4 oz CN or DM or CS Integral C-12 7.5 - 8 oz 50 M ------ 1.4 - 3 seconds Gray with red bands and markings Riot control ------ 5 M bursting radius. Fragments occassionally travel as far as 25 M. (plastic grenade fragments have a 25 M bursting radius)
14 M26, M26A1 Fragmentation Sheet steel with serrated wire coil 5 oz composition B M204A1 or M204A2 (M26); M204A2 (M26A1) 16 oz 40 M 160 M 45 - 5 seconds OD with yellow band and markings Casualty producing M1A2 15 M effective casualty radius
15 M56 DO 6.3 oz composition M 215 15.2 oz DO DO 4 to 5 seconds. DO DO DO
16 M57 (formerly M26A2) DO DO M217 DO DO ------ 1 Sec and then impact or automatically 4 sec after safety lever has been released. OD with yellow band and markings. "Imapct" embossed on red safety lever. DO ------ DO
17 M33 Steel oblate spheriod 6.5 OZ composition B. M 213 13.9 OZ 42 M ------ 4 to 5 seconds. OD with yellow band and markings. DO ------ DO
18 M 59 DO DO M 217 DO DO ------ 1 sec and then impact or automatically 4 sec after safety lever has been released. OD with yellow band and markings. "Impact" embossed on red safety lever. DO ------ DO
19 M30 practice Cast iron ------ M 10A2
M 10A3
M 205A1 or
M 205A2
16 oz 40 M 160 M 4 to 5 seconds Light blue with white markings Practice (training) M 1A2 Loud popping noise and cloud of white smoke.
20 M34 WP smoke Rolled steel (serrated) 15 oz WP M 206A2 27 oz 30 M 120 M 4 to 5 seconds Light green with yellow band and red markings. Casualty - producing.
Signaling.
Screening.
Incendiary.
M 1A2 35 M bursting radius , burns for 40 sec





TABLE 3. RIFLE GRENADES.

NOMENCLATURE BODY FILLER FUZE WEIGHT MAX RANGE COLOR & MARKINGS PRIMARY USES EFFECTS
1 M11A4 Steel None None 24 oz 200 M Black with white markings.

 Training None
2 M19A1 WP Smoke Steel 8.5 oz Mechanical impact detonating 24 oz 195 M Gray with yellow markings (old)
Light green with yellow band and red markings (New)

- Casualty producing
- Signaling
- Screening
- Incendiary
10 M effective casualty radius. Burns for 60 seconds at 5000 degreed farenheit
3 M22 Series Steel 6.5 oz colored smoke mixture Mechanical impact igniting 20.2 oz In excess of 200 M Gray with yellow markings and base of same colour as smoke produced (old)
Light green with black markings and base of body same color as smoke produced (New)

Signaling and screening Approximate 1 minute burning time
4 M23A1 colored smoke streamer DO 6.5 oz colored smoke mixture None (set off by flash of grenade cartridge) 18.5 oz In excess of 200 M Gray with yellow markings and base of same color as smoke produced (old)
Light green with black markings and base of body same color as smoke produced (new)

Signaling 12 seconds burning time produces trail of colored smoke in flight
5 M29 practice Steel None None 24 oz 150 M Black with white markings Training

None
6 M31 practice Sheet steel and aluminum None None 25 oz 150 M Blue with white markings Training (practice)

None
7 M31 HEAT Copper coated steel alloy and aluminum alloy 9.92 composition B (shaped charge) M211 25 oz 115 M (Direct fire) 185 M (High angle direct fire) OD with yellow markings - Antitank
- Casualty producing
Penetrates 10 inches homogeneous steel or 20 inches reinforced concrete. 15 M effective casualty radius (high angle direct fire)



TABLE 4. RIFLE PROJECTED GROUND PYROTECHNIC SIGNALS

NOMENCLATURE TYPE APPROX WEIGHT MAX HEIGHT TYPE SIGNAL PRODUCED USES METHOD OF PROJECTION
1 M18A1, M18A2 white star cluster 16 oz 600 FT 5 freely falling white pyrotechnic stars. Signal illuminating Rifle projected
2 M20A1 Green star cluster DO DO 5 freely falling green pyrotechnic stars. DO DO
3 M22A1 Amber star cluster DO DO 5 freely falling amber pyrotechnic stars. DO DO
4 M52A1, M52A2 Red star cluster DO DO 5 freely falling red pyrotechnic stars. DO DO
5 M17A1, M17A2 White star parachute DO DO Single parachute suspended white pyrotechnic star DO DO
6 M19A1, M19A2 Green star parachute DO DO Single parachute suspended green pyrotechnic star DO DO
7 M21A1 Amber star parachute DO DO Single parachute suspended amber pyrotechnic star DO DO
8 M51A1 Red star parachute DO DO Single parachute suspended red pyrotechnic star DO DO
9 M62 Red smoke streamer DO DO 6 freely falling red smoke streamer pellets Signalling DO
10 M64 Yellow smoke streamer DO DO 6 freely falling yellow smoke streamer pellets DO DO
11 M65 Green smoke streamer DO DO 6 freely falling green smoke streamer pellets DO DO
12 M66 Violet smoke streamer DO DO 6 freely falling violet smoke streamer pellets DO DO





TABLE 5. HAND HELD GROUND PYROTECHNIC SIGNALS

NOMENCLATURE TYPE APPROX WEIGHT MAX HEIGHT TYPE SIGNAL PRODUCED USES METHOD OF PROJECTION
1 M125, M125A1 Green star cluster 20 oz 650-700 ft 5 freely falling green pyrotechnic stars Signal illuminating Hand-held rocket propelled
2 M158 Red star cluster DO DO 5 freely falling red pyrotechnic stars DO DO
3 M159 White star cluster DO DO 5 freely falling white pyrotechnic stars DO DO
4 M126, M126A1 Red star parachute DO DO Single parachute suspended red pyrotechnic stars DO DO
5 M127, M127A1 White star parachute DO DO Single parachute suspended white pyrotechnic stars DO DO
6 M131 Red star parachute DO 1500 ft Single parachute suspended red pyrotechnic stars distress signal DO DO
7 M128A1 Green smoke parachute DO 650-700 ft Single parachute suspended green smoke canister Signaling DO
8 M129A1 Red smoke parachute DO DO Single parachute suspended red smoke canister DO DO



APPENDIX E. COLOR CODING OF GRENADES


Grenades color coded prior to implementation of MIL-STD 709 (prior to standard color coding system) Grenade color coded in accordance with MIL-STD 709 (Standard color coding system)
Hand grenade Color of body Color of marking Color of body Color of marking
Fragmentation Olive drab Yellow Olive drab Yellow
Illuminating Unpainted Black All white or unpainted with white band Black
Practice Blue None or white Blue with brown band None or white
Training Black None Blue None
Rifle grenade Color of body Color of marking Color of body Color of marking
High explosive antitank Olive drab Yellow Black Yellow
WP smoke Gray with yellow band and olive drab stabilizer assembly Yellow Light green with olive drab stabilizer assembly Light red and 1 yellow band
Colored smoke Gray with yellow band and olive drab stabilizer assembly Yellow Light green Black (early production marked in white)
Practice Black White Blue White
Chemical hand/Rifle grenades Color of body Color of marking Color of body Color of marking
Riot control agent Gray Red and one red band Gray Red and one red band
WP (Smoke) Gray Yellow and one yellow band Light green Light red and one yellow band
Smoke (M18) Gray Yellow and one yellow band Light green Black (eraly production marked in white)
Incendiary Gray Purple and one purple band Light red Black
Practice Blue White Blue White, yellow or brown band
Inert Black White (bronze or brass assemblies are unpainted) Blue White
Offensive Black Yellow Black Yellow



1. May have longitudinal white stripes painted 90 degrees apart around body.
2. This item is completely inert.
3. "CCC", in the color of smoke produced, is marked on the ogive.
4. In addition to the standard color marking, the top of each M18 grenade is painted the color of the smoke produced by the grenade.



APPENDIX F. GRENADE QUALIFICATION COURSES


1. General.
Personnel may be tested on their proficiency with grenades by negotiating grenade qualification courses. The grenade qualification courses measure individual proficiency in the use of hand and rifle grenades, provide additional grenade training, and instill motivation in grenade training through competitive spirit. Separate courses are run for hand and rifle grenade qualification. DA Form 3517, (Grenade Qualificarion Scoreboard), (Figure 40) is for scoring the hand grenade assault/qualification course and/or the rifle grenade qualification courses. Supply of DA Form 3517 will be requisitioned through normal publications supply channels.

2. Hand Grenade Assault/Qualification Course

The hand grenade assault/qualification course described in paragraph 41 is used for hand grenade qualification.

a. Scoring.
The total possible score on the hand grenade assault/qualification course is 60 points, each station being worth 10 points. The qualifying scores for the course are as follows:

(1) Expert grenadier .................... 50 to 60 points.

(2) First class grenadier ................ 40 to 49 points.

(3) Second class grenadier .............. 30 to 39 points.

b. Items scored.
The following three items are scored in teh hand grenade assault/qualification course:

(1) Use of cover.
The proper use of cover receives a score of 2 points at each of the 6 throwing stations. To receive credit, a thrower must conceal and protect himself behind adequate cover at or near his throwing position.

(2) correct procedure.
Correct procedure received a score of two points at each station. To receive credit, a thrower must grip the grenade properly, use the proper throwing procedure, and adhere to all applicable safety points.

(3) Target hits.
A thrower may obtain credit for either a first or second target hit, but not both. If he obtains an effective target hit with his first grenade, he receives a score of six points. If he fails to obtain a target hit with his first grenade, but scores a target hit with his second grenade, he receives a score of only three points.

A thrower is not allowed to engage the target more than twice. An effective target hit is defined as a direct target hit on point targets, such as windows, doorways, and bunker apertures; or a detonation within the 15 meter effective casualty radius of the M26 and M33 series of fragmentation hand grenades on area targets, such as troops in the open, or personnel in uncovered positions.

c. Ammunition.
The soldier receives 10 practice hand grenades (5 fuzed and 5 unfuzed). No more than two grenades may be used at each station. For the conduct of the course, see paragraph 41b.
Figure 40. Grenade qualification scorecard.

3. Rifle Grenade Qualification Course

The rifle grenade qualification course is a scored exercise conducted in the same manner and on the same type range as the rifle grenade familiarization course described in paragraph 75 and 76.

a. Scoring.
The total possible score on the rifle grenade qualification course is 80 points. Each firing station has 2 targets, each target worth 10 points. Only stations 2 through 5 are scored. The qualifying scores for the course are as follows:

(1) Expert grenadier ............. 70 to 80 points

(2) First class grenadier ........ 50 to 60 points

(3) Second class grenadier ....... 40 to 49 points

b. Target hits.
the soldier receives points only for target engagement. A successful target rngagement is defined as a direct target hit on direct-fire targets or an impact within the 15 meter effective casualty radius of the M31 HEAT rifle grenade against area targets.

c. Ammunition.
The soldier receives (M11A4, M29, or M31) to zero his weapon and eight practice rifle grenades to run the course. Two grenades are used at each station.




APPENDIX G. HISTORICAL RESUME OF GRENADES AND PYROTECHNICS


Grenades and pyrotechnics have a history as long as the history of warfare itself. The earliest use of grenades is attributed to the ancient Chinese many centuries before their recorded use by western civilizations. The word grenade is derived from the Latin word GRANATUS. The term was first applied to grenades by the Spanish during the 16th century. The Spanish called their grenades GRANADA meaning pomegranate because of the resemblance of early Spanish grenades to that fruit.

Grenades were reported to have been used by the Roman armies in 250 B.C. to combat the elephant assaults of Pierre, king of Epire. It was not until the 13th century, however, when gunpowder was introduced into the Western world that explosive grenades were developed.

Published reports concerning the tactical use of grenades were first written in Western Europe during the crusades. The grenades mentioned in such reports were made of glass globes, jars, kegs, and pots. They were used primarily for incendiary effect, rather then the fragmentation effect of most modern hand grenades.

The first recorded use of rifle grenades is a description of grenades used in the defense of the German city of Stettin in 1677. The grenades used at Stettin were metal fire bombs attached to rods and fired from muskets. Although this initial technique was rather crude and innacurate, it prevailed as teh best and most effective means of launching rifle grenades until the early months of Worl War I.

During the reign of Louis XIV of France, the use if grenades became an art requireing considerable skill and courage. Grebadiers, due to their nature as assault troops, were consdered the elite of the French army and were formed into special grenadier companies emphasize their status. The courage and effectiveness of the French grenadier companies made them the pride of France and the envy od all the armies of Europe. The prowess of French grenadiers made the word "grenadier" synonymous with "elite". By the middle of the 18th century, most European armies had formed grenadier units and were using them with considerable effectiveness. The improved accuracy of firearms in the 19th century, however, spelled doom for the brave grenadiers ekading their regiments in battle. The designation of grenadiers remained affixed to the old elite regiments of European armies to distinguish them as the bravest and most loyal units of the army. In many of the countries of Western Europe, particularly Germany, the grenadier designation remains even today to provide modern units with the heritage and honors of their predecessors.

During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 and 1905, grenades were used for the first time on a massive scale in both offensive and defensive operations. The grenades employed by the Japanese were the first featuring a time delay fuze. This fuze was open and therefore unreliable. In Western Europe, the Germans studied Japanese grenades and tactics with interest and saw a potential of such as weapon for future operations in Europe.

By 1913, the Germans had developed the famed "potato masher" featuring the first reliable mechanical time delay fuze. This grenade gave the Germans an early advantage in the trench warfare of 1914 and 1915. The Allies, seeing the devastating capabilities of the German grenade, worked feverishly to develop grenades of their own. Of teh 25 different types of grenades developed by the Allies in World War I, only the British No. 5 grenade, commonly referred to as the "Mills bomb", could approach the effectiveness of the German grenade.

The United States studied both the German "Potato masher" and the British "Mills bomb" and countered by developing our own MK1 fragmentation hand grenade, commonly referred to as the "pineapple". The versatility of grenades was proven in the trenches of Europe where they were used not only to deliver fragmentation, but also to dispense chemical gas with deadky effectiveness. By World War II, the grenade inventory had expanded to include smoke grenades for signaling and screening, phosphorus and fragmentation grenades to produce casualties, and gas grenades for both casualty and riot control effects.

The widespread use of tanks in World War II generated the need for still another type of grenade - antitank rifle grenade. Such grenades were developed first by Germany and France and were tested in the Spanish Civil war. By the opening of World War II, Britain, Italy, Russia, Japan, and the United States all had begun to test or manufacture antitank grenades of their own. The development of antitank rifle grenades and their pronciples of employment have also been applied to a more recent development - the M72 Light Antitank weapon. This weapon has now replaced to a large extent, the antitank rifle grenade. Additionally, other weapons such as the 40-mm grenade launcher, M79 and the family of the hand-held group pyrotechnic signals have largely replaced rifle grenades in their antipersonnel, signaling, and screening roles.

The grenades being used today in combat in Southeast Asia are in many respects representative samples of the entire history of the development of grenades. They range from the crude firebombs used in terrorist attacks to the sophisticated M68 fragmentation grenade used by American forces. The grenadier is far from being an extinct breed of infantryman since now, more than ever before, grenades are being used extensively in almost all types of infantry operations.